Sunday, February 27, 2011

Evangelism

Hey Everyone!

If you've already read the post below mine, then you're good to read this one! If not, read that first then mine! :)

Jane Eyre is a novel that is loaded with Evangelism, from Brocklehurst to St. John. One aspect of this is the obvious religious Evangelism, which emitted by both Brocklehurst and St. John, preaching to those the word of God. However what I want to focus on is Charlotte Bronte's less obvious form of Evangelism. In the beginning of the novel, Jane struggles with whether or not she believes in God, and hell and heaven, or if she even likes what the bible tells her. But as the story progresses we as readers see her offer her thanks up to God numerous times. One has to wonder what had changed. If Brocklehurst curriculum had influenced her, or if she herself decided she is a believer. On page 447 in the text Jane narrates, "I was sure St. John Rivers -- pure-lived, conscientious, zealous as he was -- had not yet found that peace of God which passeth all understanding: he no more found it, I thought, than had I; with my concealed and racking regrets for my broken idol and lost elysium -- regrets to which I have latterly avoided referring; but which possessed me and tyrannized over me ruthlessly." This exert indicates that at this point Jane still is not sure of her feelings toward God, that she doesn't fully understand him yet. This is interesting to note because Christians do not necessarily understand what God does, or why he does it, but they respect his power, something it seems Jane does not understand.

In addition to the above which were my own thoughts of Evangelism in the novel I found this website which focus on this topic as well. If you'd like to research this more, click below! :)


Also, this youtube clip from the movie Jane Eyre, shows the scene when Jane first meets Brocklehurst and his extreme evangelistic perspective.


Thanks everyone!

Paige

Evangelicalism in Application to Jane Eyre

Evangelicalism Part 2: Application to Jane Eyre

In continuation to this presentation I will be discussing evangelicalism’s application to Jane Eyre. One of the more prominent examples of Evangelicalism can be found in chapter 4 of the novel. This is the scene in which the reader is first introduced with Mr. Brocklehurst, and within the first few moments of conversation with Jane he asks; “no sight so sad as that of a naughty child, especially a naughty little girl. Do you know where the wicked go after death?” (39), in which Jane replies; “they go to hell […] a pit full of fire” (39). Mr. Brocklehurst then continues on in his questioning of Jane by asking “what she must do in order to avoid going to hell”, in which she responds that “ she must keep in good health and not die” (39). He is appalled by Jane’s answer and continues interrogating her with questions of if she prays every day and whether or not she reads the Bible (40). This can then be viewed as an example of evangelicalism as Jane clearly does not follow the practices of Mr. Brocklehurst who can be viewed as a more main stream religious character, and as Sarah mentioned before ‘Evangelicalism is a sect of Christianity that follows the gospels and their teachings and puts more emphasis on an individual’s personal relationship with God, and not on their Church attendance. For Evangelicals, the Gospels were the most important part of learning religion’. Jane enjoys the books of Revelations, Daniel, Genesis, Samuel, Exodus, Kings, Chronicles, Job, and Jonah (40). However because she doesn’t enjoy the book of Psalms, as Mr. Brocklehurst does she is said to “have a wicked heart, and she must pray to God to change it and give her a new and clean one to take away her heart of stone and give her a heart of flesh” (40). Mr. Brocklehurst can then be viewed as a more Anglican religious follower in which he is more concerned with church attendance and giving more focus to what he is told to enjoy, opposed to what he finds more enjoyable about his own religion. Jane, with a more evangelical approach to religion builds a more personal relationship with her God and her religion as she pays more attention to the Gospels in which she most enjoys in the Bible regardless of the Gospels she is told to like or dislike.
A second example of Evangelicalism within “Jane Eyre” is Lowood School itself. As Evangelicalism is concerned with being humble, and as Sarah mentioned earlier, “it stresses the importance of conversion, of missionary work, and of humanitarian activism” Lowood School itself is a charitable institution, this can be found in chapter 5 in which Jane is acquainted with Helen Burns and they discuss how Lowood School operates. Helen tells Jane why the girls are called ‘charity children’ (60); “all the girls here have lost either one of both parents, and this is called an Institution for educating orphans […] we pay or our friends pay, fifteen pounds a year for each […] because fifteen pounds is not enough for board and teaching, and the deficiency is supplied by subscription […] from benevolent-minded ladies and gentlemen in this neighbourhood and London” (60). Therefore this can then also be seen as an example of evangelicalism as it demonstrates the humility within the community as well as humanitarian acts of kindness.

Bronte, Charolette . Jane Eyre. London: Penguin Classics, 2006. Print.

Evangelicalism: Background

Hey Guys! For my part of the presentation on Evangelicalism I will be giving you guys a definition and background based on our textbook and some sources online.
Here is a quick definition taken from www.dictionary.reference.com:
“Belonging to or designating the Christian churches that emphasize the teachings and authority of the Scriptures, especially of the new testament, in opposition to the institutional authority of the church itself, and that stress as paramount the tenet that salvation is achieved by personal conversion to faith in the atonement of Christ.”
In the Victorian period there was a lot of intellectual discovery going on, and many of these discoveries challenged the perceptions that the Church put forward. Darwinism is one of the, if not the most, prominent examples of intellect that challenged the Church. Darwin’s theories started a conflict with the Church based on the knowledge it supported. His works On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Decent of Man (1871) did not just challenge religious beliefs, but they “rejected the Christian idea that human beings had been created in God’s image” (Black, 512). Darwin’s theories did not put people above other beings, but rather as an advanced stage of evolution. This was an idea that radically challenged the Church, and began religious unrest in the Victorian period.
Evangelicalism was a religious reaction that moved away from the rigid structure of the Church and moved towards the adherence to evangelical doctrines. Evangelicalism is a sect of Christianity that follows the gospels and their teachings and puts more emphasis on an individual’s personal relationship with God, and not on their Church attendance. For Evangelicals, the Gospels were the most important part of learning religion.
In the early 1870’s Evangelicalism was growing in popularity and beginning to change the Establishments of the Church of England, which was Anglican, as well as the religious practices. Evangelicalism was “stressing the importance of an individuals personal relationship with God” as well as the importance “of conversion, of missionary work, and of humanitarian activism” (513). Evangelicalism attracted many working and middle class, as it was not based on a hierarchical organization. With the rise of Evangelicalism there was a clear division of the people into two groups: Anglican Evangelicals that were referred to as Low Church, and Anglo-Evangelicals that were referred to as High Church.
Although Evangelicalism challanged the norms of religious ideologies and practices, it did not however diminish the magnitude of the role of religion during this time. The Victorian period was a period of doubt, but still remained “an age… marked by intense religious feeling” (515). Overall people still strongly identified themselves through their religious identity.
It’s safe to say that no period in history has been without its complexities and conflicting ideas, and that societies are constantly changing.
· Here are some links that may be helpful with further knowledge!
Definition:
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/evangelical
Background (I know Wikipedia is frowned upon, but it is seriously helpful, at least when you are just looking for a base knowledge):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism
As well as:
http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/evangel1.html
Sources
Black, Joesph, Leonard Conolly, Kate Flint, Isobel Grundy, Don Lepan, Roy Luizza, Jerme J. McGann, Anne Lake Prescott, Barry V. Qualls, Claire Waters, eds. "Faith and Doubt." The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: Concise Edition. Volume B. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2008. 512-515. Print.

Wednesday, February 16, 2011

Jane Eyre'vrywhere!

Here is a cool post that I found (posted literally an hour ago!) from a blog that I follow and coincidently it's about Jane Eyre and its adaptation/popularity within pop. culture. From films to graphic novels... check it out! http://iheartclassics.tumblr.com/post/3327180803/jane-eyrevrywhere

Monday, February 14, 2011

Governess Movies

Thanks everyone for some great discussion today regarding Jane Eyre and the socio-historical contexts of Bronte's novel. Our consideration of governesses and the place of women in Victorian Britain got me thinking about representations of governesses in cinema. Hollywood has certainly interpreted the governess narrative and, in particular, Jane Eyre's character in a number of ways.

Minnie Driver is a seductive re-envisioning of Jane Eyre in Sandra Goldbacher's 1998 film, The Governess. Set in Scotland in the 1840s, this film is sensually seductive, too, with its rich fabrics, rustling fabrics, and evocative sets. This film also explores the dynamics of gender and looking - Driver's governess is an early photographer and she quite literally wields the gaze by the film's conclusion.

Meanwhile, Deborah Kerr played her share of governess roles on the silver screen. She portrays Anna Leonowens in Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I (1956), teaching English to the children of the King of Siam (aka Thailand) in a colonial paradise of palaces and proper British accents. Kerr's hoop dresses in this film are FABULOUS and certainly a far cry from Jane's black silk. Kerr's dresses move, shine, flounce, fold . . . I think I'm in love. The costume designers on this film must have had a ball.

In 1961, Kerr starred as the hysterical (is she crazy or not?) governess in The Innocents, a psychological horror film with some pretty creepy little kids. This film interrogates the Victorian governess as a psychological subject, and uses the machinery of the Gothic (spirits, dark mansion, long hallways) to cast doubt on the sanity of its protagonist.

And I cannot wait to see what the latest Hollywood version makes of Bronte's text: March 11, 2011 marks the theatre debut of Cary Fukunaga's Jane Eyre.

Sunday, February 13, 2011

Womens Place in Victorian Society

Hey guys!
I'm partnered with Stephanie, who is two posts down. We broke it down so I am relating everything to Jane Eyre. I found as i was reading Jane Eyre I noticed the treatment of women throughout the whole novel.

When Jane Eyre was first introduced to the Lowood Institution she noticed a scripture that was engraved above the door. This scripture told the young girls that were a part of this institution to, “ ‘Let your light so shine before men that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven’-- St. Matt. V.16,” (Bronte 109). The fact that this scripture was one of the first things that stood out to Jane upon reaching Lowood is important to notice, because it is essentially telling these girls that they are living their lives for the men that surround them; that they must work to please these men. This notion of men’s superiority over women and women’s need to serve men is continued on throughout Jane’s time at Lowood. It is seen again as Mr. Brocklehurst visits the Institution and insists that all the children’s hair must be cut off. He tells Miss Temple, “ ‘Madam,’ he pursued, “I have a Master to serve whose kingdom is not of this world: my mission is to mortify these girls the lusts of the flesh; to teach them to clothe themselves with shame-facedness and sobriety, not with braided hair and costly apparel; and each of the young persons before us had a string of hair twisted in plaits which vanity itself might have woven: these, I repeat, must be cut off,’” (127). Mr. Brocklehurst admits to the fact that he is trying to teach these young girls to be shameful of themselves, that they have no right to be pleased with themselves but must only yearn to please others.

Not only does Jane have to dress and do her hair to please men when she is at the Lowood Institution, but when she is in the presence of Mr. Rochester at Thornfield hall she also has to worry about her fashion. When Jane is first invited to join Mr. Rochester for tea she inquires Mrs. Fairfax if she should change her frock. Mrs. Fairfax replies by saying that whenever Mr. Rochester is around she dresses “for the evening,” so Jane replaces her black stuff dress with a black silk one, which was one of her best ones (189). This makes it clear that women in Victorian society were expected to dress to impress the men around them at all times, that they must always take time to look presentable.

As Jane grows up and moves from Lowood to Thornfield-Hall she begins to question the stereotypical qualities that have been forced upon her since she was a child. As readers, we rarely become aware of Jane’s feelings and what she is thinking, but finally she explains to us how she feels about these stereotypes that she has had to live up to. She explains that “Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; the need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex,” (178). Jane understands that within Victorian society it is customary for women to get married or work as a governess, but she finds this hard to live with. She is frustrated by the fact that there are such different standards for her because she is a female, and wants the ability to live with the same amount of freedom that men do.

Hope this is helpful to everyone!

Sources
Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press, 2004. Print.

Women's Place in Victorian Society

Women's Place in Victorian Society

In tomorrow's tutorial we will be talking about women's place in Victorian society. Much of the discussion will reference the reading material we have been assigned for this week's lecture including "Jane Eyre" and "The Broadview Anthology B."

Women in the Victorian period (roughly 1837-1900) had extremely limited rights and while drastic changes didn't take place until the 20th century, steps were being taken to ameliorate the position of women. An important and significant struggle for women was in regards to marriage law. During this time when a woman married, she was required to give up her identity and have it replaced by that of her husband's identity. Legally this meant that husband and wife were one person, i.e. the husband, and this left the wife terribly vulnerable. There was no legal help for women at this time either, if any woman should want to defend herself against her husband. A quote from Harriet Taylor Mill's essay entitled, "The Enfranchisement of Women" concisely asks, "whether it is right and expedient that one half of the human race should pass through life in a state of forced subordination to the other half."

In class we will be referring to parts of Sarah Stickney Ellis' book, "The Daughters of England: Their Position in Society, Character and Responsibilities." You can refer to certain passages in the class copy of "Jane Eyre" on page 600 or the "Broadview Anthology B" page 604. The link below can help in further understanding women's place in Victorian society, as it is Ellis' entire novel written in 1842. Chapter III is particularly interesting due to the fact that Ellis ran a young girls school named Rawdon House in Hertfordshire. This chapter is entitled "Cleverness-Leanring-Knowledge" and it is in this particular chapter that Ellis writes about what young ladies are expected to know as well as what they are not required to know (knowledge beyond "ordinary duty"). In the opening pages of the third chapter Ellis explains that, "to know how to do everything which can properly come within a women's sphere of duty, ought to be the ambition of every female mind." This quote suggests the amount of responsibility, even strength women had to assume and yet Ellis explains earlier on in her text that, "as women [...] the first thing of importance is to be content to be inferior to men-inferior in mental power, in the same proportion that [women] are inferior in bodily strength." The two quotes seem to offer opposing ideas of the ideal woman, both submissive and helpless while at the same time resourceful and determined. We can discuss this further as we talk about the texts tomorrow. Brittany will be discussing the role of women in reference to "Jane Eyre" in class tomorrow as well.

Until then we have a couple of links to suggest:
This site offers much information concerning the Victorian era, it offers background knowledge and it may help to contextualize some of the readings:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/victorian_britain/women_home/ideals_womanhood_01.shtml

Sarah Stickney Ellis, "The Daughters of England: Their Position in Society, Character and Responsibilities" (1842):
http://books.google.ca/books?id=Q-0TAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=sarah+stickney+ellis+daughters+of+england&source=bl&ots=CIGqfoO7iO&sig=OwuHOdABRwdbXHdJW2SYZau-WvY&hI=en&ei=XeIXTbuHCoG3twe26qWZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false



Sources:

Black, Joesph, Leonard Conolly, Kate Flint, Isobel Grundy, Don Lepan, Roy Luizza, Jerme J. McGann, Anne Lake Prescott, Barry V. Qualls, Claire Waters, eds. "The Politics of Gender." The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: Concise Edition. Volume B. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2008. 506-508. Print.

Ellis, Sarah Stickney. "The Daughters of England: Their Position in Society, Character and Responsibilities. " The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: Concise Edition. Volume B.
Peterborough, ON: Boradview Press, 2008. 604-606. Print

Ellis, Sarah Stickney. "The Dauhters of England: Their Position in Society, Character an Responsibilties." Google Books. Google. February 12, 2011.
http://books.google.ca (...)
(same site as above)

(Brief background information on Sarah Stickney Ellis was found on Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Stickney_Ellis)